PROBLEM LINK:
Setter- Adhyyan Sekhsaria
Tester- Adhyyan Sekhsaria
Editorialist- Abhishek Pandey
DIFFICULTY:
Easy
PRE-REQUISITES:
Intuition/Logic, Two-Pointers, Binary Search on Array
PROBLEM:
Given a non-decreasing array of length N, we need to tell number of sub-arrays whose arithmetic mean is less than K
QUICK EXPLANATION:
We first observe that the array is non-decreasing. Hence, we find upto which position, all numbers are < K. As all numbers are < K \implies their mean is also < K. \therefore ALL subarrays upto that length are to be counted. We can simply use the formula of "Number of sub-arrays in an array of length N= N*(N+1)/2. for this.
After that, we notice this- if we keep more elements < K we keep in the sub-array, we can keep a higher number of elements \ge K without having mean become \ge K. In other words, say we reached a position/index pos upto which we were able to formed a valid sub-array after including all elements < K. If we remove one of the elements < K, we might have to go backwards (i.e. remove an element \ge K) and can definitely not go forward (i.e. include another element \ge K).
This simple observation allows us to use two-pointer approach to count remaining sub-arrays.
EXPLANATION:
The editorial will be divided into 2 sections. One will focus on part where "All elements are < K" and the second section will use that and give further solution using two-pointers. It is expected that you know the two-pointer algorithm. Please go to pre-requisites if you dont know and check links there 
1. If all elements are < K-
This is the first step towards solution. What will we do if all elements are < K? Obviously, include ALL possible sub-arrays! Remember-
\because All elements are < K, their mean can never be \ge K.
Hence, we would include all the sub-arrays possible. In an array of length N, the number of sub-arrays is given by Num=N*(N+1)/2 where Num is the number of sub-arrays (obviously!).
But, how can we apply this to a general array? Give it a thought first, before proceeding for discussion in next section.
Using results above & Two Pointers-
Recall that our array is sorted! This means, we can easily find a position, say pos such that all elements up to pos are < K. We can use the above formula to directly count those many sub-arrays at once!
Now comes the tricky part.
Recall the explanation at quick section about two-pointer approach. The more elements < K we have, the more elements \ge K we can add, and still not have mean \ge K.
Check the scenario below.
Say we are currently trying to count those valid sub arrays, which start from index 1 (we will generalize later). All elements till position/index pos are < K. All sub-arrays ending till pos are included in answer by formula above. We need to find how many more valid sub-arrays exist, i.e. how many valid sub-arrays exist with at least one element \ge K.
Lets say, we kept travelling ahead of pos, and arrived at a position pos2 after which we cannot add any more element \ge K (because it will make mean >K). Recall we are currently talking about sub-arrays starting only from index 1. We have also, already included sub-arrays ending upto pos. How many new sub-arrays did we got? Obviously, pos2-pos.
Click to view
Not convinced? Lets count how many sub-arrays are there. The sub-arrays are, pos+1, pos+2, pos+3,…,pos+k such that pos+k=pos2.
Now, lets say I want to calculate similarly for index 2. If I do everything again, then finding new position of pos2 for every index will take lot of time, and make complexity O({N}^{2}), which time outs! Can we somehow use the data of index 1 to determine data of index 2?.
Yes! We can! Recall what I have been saying till now since the quick explanation section! If we reduce number of elements < K, we can definitely NOT include any more elements \ge K. This means that pos2 for index 2 is not more than pos2 for index 1!
Let me denote pos2_i to represent "pos2 calculated for index i". Now, pos2_1 >pos2_2 >pos2_3.... So, what if, instead of starting from i, going to pos and from there finding pos2_i, why dont we start at pos2_{i-1} (i.e. pos2 of previous index) and move backward until we find pos2_i!
This, is nothing but the basic concept of two-pointer which brings the complexity down from O({N}^{2}) to O(N). In O({N}^{2}) approach, we start from i, go to pos and from there find pos2_i and repeat all this again for next index, while in two-pointer approach, we only start at pos2_{i-1} and find pos2_i, from there we find pos2_{i+1} and so on. We can see that no element is visited twice in two-pointer approach, while in O({N}^{2}) approach, all elements are visited multiple times ,again and again which wastes time.
Thus, we can loop from i=1 to i=pos (1-based indexing!) and determine appropriate pos2_i and directly add the number of sub-arrays to the answer (using the formula I gave above ).
A formal implementation is given below, but I request you to first to first yourself draft atleast an informal implementation of above idea, and compare yours with ours :).
Click to view
ans+=(1LL*less*(less+1))/2;//All subarrays before index less are counted.
//For an array of length n, subarrays= n(n+1)/2 .
r=less;
for(int i=0;i<less;++i)currsum+=arr[i];
while(l<r and r>=less)//We use two-pointer algorithm
{
while(r<n and currsum+arr[r]<k*1LL*(r-l+1))//Can we add r?
{
currsum+=arr[r];
++r;
}
ans+=r-less;
currsum-=arr[l++];//Remove front element OR Shift l to next position
while(r>=less and currsum>=(r-l)*1LL*k)//Adjust r
{
currsum-=arr[--r];
}
}
cout<<ans<<endl;
SOLUTION:
In case the links dont work, the solutions are also pasted in tabs below for reference. This is, so nobody has to wait while @admin references the links
Click to view
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
#define NMAX 1000000
ll a[NMAX];
ll n, k;
ll solve(){
ll ans = 0;
int pointer = n-1; // initialsize our pointer to last index. the pointer will store the last index which so that the mean < k
ll sum = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) sum += a[i]; // currently sum holds the sum of all elements
// as we iterate, sum will change so that it will hold the sum from [i, pointer]
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
while(pointer >= i && sum >= k*(pointer-i+1)*1LL){ // if pointer is not greater than i, then that means no subarray exists starting at i
// if it is inside this loop then the mean of [i, pointer] >= k and we have to reduce the number of elements
sum -= a[pointer]; // since we are going to push the pointer to the left, we have to remove the contribution of that element to the sum
pointer--;
}
if(pointer >= i) ans += (pointer - i + 1)*1LL; // calculate the contribution of the subarrays starting at index i;
sum -= a[i]; // since all subarrays will now start after the ith index, we must remove a[i] from sum
}
return ans;
}
int main(){
//taking input
cin>>n>>k;
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
cin>>a[i];
}
cout<<solve()<<endl;
return 0;
}
Click to view
/*
*
********************************************************************************************
* AUTHOR : Vijju123 *
* Language: C++14 *
* Purpose: - *
* IDE used: Codechef IDE. *
********************************************************************************************
*
Comments will be included in practice problems if it helps ^^
*/
#include <iostream>
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// your code goes here
#ifdef JUDGE
freopen("input.txt", "rt", stdin);
freopen("output.txt", "wt", stdout);
#endif
ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);
cin.tie(NULL);
cout.tie(NULL);
int n,k;
cin>>n>>k;
int arr[n],i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)cin>>arr[i];//Taking input
int l=0,r=0;
long long ans=0,currsum=0;
int less=lower_bound(arr,arr+n,k)-arr;//Less= Position of first element >=K. Read about lower_bound function
//from C++ STL.
if(less==0)
cout<<0<<endl;
else
{
ans+=(1LL*less*(less+1))/2;//All subarrays before index less are counted.
//For an array of length n, subarrays= n(n+1)/2 .
r=less;
for(int i=0;i<less;++i)currsum+=arr[i];
while(l<r and r>=less)//We use two-pointer algorithm
{
while(r<n and currsum+arr[r]<k*1LL*(r-l+1))//Can we add r?
{
currsum+=arr[r];
++r;
}
ans+=r-less;
currsum-=arr[l++];//Remove front element OR Shift l to next position
while(r>=less and currsum>=(r-l)*1LL*k)//Adjust r
{
currsum-=arr[--r];
}
}
cout<<ans<<endl;
}
return 0;
}
Time Complexity= O(N)
CHEF VIJJU’S CORNER 
1. No one asked me why we iterate only upto i=pos when I said -
“Thus, we can loop from i=1 to i=pos (1-based indexing!) and determine appropriate pos2_i and directly add the number of sub-arrays to the answer (using the formula I gave above ).”
Click to view
Because after pos the smallest element will be \ge K and no valid sub-array is possible!
Click to view
**Also, I couldnt hear you even if you would had yelled and asked. So… 
2. Some practice problems-
- B. Wrath
-
Blocked Websites - Although editorial mentions tries, a solution using two-pointers is easier