ABX03 - EDITORIAL

[abx_2109]

PROBLEM LINK:

Practice
Contest

Setter : Mohammad Salik

Tester : Hasan Jaddouh

Editorialist : Mohammad Salik

Difficulty

Medium-Hard

Prerequisites

Square root decomposition on trees, DFS, LCA(Lowest Common Ancestor ), Inclusion-Exclusion, Binary Search

Problem

Given a tree with N nodes and each edge having a cost and Q queries on it.All the queries are to be answered online. Query is described by eight integers U,V,X_{1},Y_{1},X_{2},Y_{2},X_{3},Y_{3}. The answer to each query is the sum of all such costs C which are encountered in the unique path from U to V and which satisfy the following conditions :

• If C is a multiple of 2, C must be between X₁ and Y₁ inclusive.
• If C is a multiple of 3, C must be between X₂ and Y₂ inclusive.
• If C is a multiple of 5, C must be between X₃ and Y₃ inclusive.
• C must be a multiple of 2, 3 or 5.

Explanation

Let us root the tree at 1. Throughout the editorial we will assume the tree to be rooted at 1.

For Subtask 1

The constraints for this subtask are low enough for brute force to pass. One can simply trace the path from U to V and decide for each cost whether to include it or not based on the four given conditions. This solution works in O(Q*N) i.e O(N) time for each query.

For Subtask 2

Lets make some crucial observations which will help us in solving the problem :

There are no updates i.e the edge weights are constant throughout all the queries.

The path between $U$ and $V$ in a tree can be broken down into two paths i. the path from $U$ to $LCA(U,V)$ and from $LCA(U,V)$ to $V$. You can read more about $LCA$ and its fast computation methods from [here.][19]

Let $answer(X)$ denote the answer when we move from node $X$ to $root$ for any particular query. Let $L=LCA(U,V)$ for any given query with $U$ as start point and $V$ as end point. If we find the answer for each of the three nodes $U,V$ and $L$ till the root then the answer for the current query will be simply $answer(U)+answer(V)- 2*answer(L)$.It is because when we move from $U$ to $root$ we encounter the path $L$ to $root$.And when we move from $V$ to $root$ we again encounter the path $L$ to $root$. Hence the path $L$ to $root$ is added twice.This needs to be subtracted which is simply $2*answer(L)$

So now the problem is to find for each query $answer(U)$,$answer(V)$ and $answer(L)$

How to Compute answer(X) for a node X for any current query with the parameters $X_{1},Y_{1},X_{2},Y_{2},X_{3},Y_{3}$ ?

We will have to first do some precomputation i.e before any queries. Let us first define blocksize.Just for now assume blocksize=500. Let us now find all the nodes i for which depth[i]\%blocksize==R (Assume R=1 just for now for the sake of simplicity) where depth[i] is the distance of the node from the root.Let us call all such nodes special nodes i.e for which the condition depth[i]\%blocksize==1 is true.For all such nodes maintain 7 vectors.Let V[i][x] denote the vector for special node i such that it stores all the multiples of x along the path from that node to the root.vectors will store the costs for 7 values of x i.e 2,3,5,6(2*3),10(2*5),15(3*5),30(2*3*5). Now we will sort all these vectors for all the special nodes and for all the seven values for these special nodes.We will maintain a prefix sum array pre[i][x] also to get the prefix sum for any of the 7 multiples of any special node. pre[i][x][k] (k < pre[i][x].size())

Now suppose we wish to find answer(X) for any query.Let Res denote the final answer.Res=0 initially.Now two cases arise :

$X$ is a special node

$X$ is not a special node : In this case we can trace the path from this node towards the root while adding the answer to $Res$ by applying the conditions mentioned until we encounter a special node or the root itself.Note that this will take less than $blocksize$ steps.

Now once we reach a special node P we have to find the answer from this node to root and add it to Res.Now we have to find the answer(P) for special node P. Here comes the inclusion-exclusion.

answer(P)= Sum of multiples of 2 in range X_{1} to Y_{1} in V[P][2] + Sum of multiples of 3 in range X_{2} to Y_{2} in V[P][3] + Sum of multiples of 5 in range X_{3} to Y_{3} in V[P][5] - sum of multiples of 6 in union of ranges [X_{1},Y_{1}] & [X_{2},Y_{2}] in V[P][6]- sum of multiples of 10 in union of ranges [X_{1},Y_{1}] & [X_{3},Y_{3}] in V[P][10] - sum of multiples of 15 in union of ranges [X_{2},Y_{2}] & [X_{3},Y_{3}] in V[P][15] + sum of multiples of 30 in union of all the 3 ranges in V[P][30].

Now sum of multiples of 2 in range X_{1} to Y_{1} in V[P][2] can be calculated by using binary search on the V[P][2] vector and by using the prefix sum vector pre[P][2] to calculate the sum.Similarly all the other values can be calculated using binary search.
So the query takes approx O(blocksize) time.

In the above appropriate value of blocksize can be set to blocksize= sqrtN. Also above R was taken to be 1 for the condition of special node. In fact this value should be calculated by running an initial dfs and finding the frequency of depth[i]\%blocksize for all i and hence calculating an appropriate R such that number of nodes satisfying depth[i]\%blocksize==R is as minimum as possible. This is done to minimize the number of special nodes and save both memory and time.

Time Complexity

O(Q*sqrtN)

AUTHOR’S AND TESTER’S SOLUTIONS:

Author’s solution can be found here.
Tester’s solution can be found here.

[taran_1407]

Please improve formatting of expression. It’s not readable.

PS: Nice problem

[abx_2109]

@taran_1407 Hey,It seems fine to me. Can you tell which line is unclear?

[mathecodician]

Any idea, why https://www.codechef.com/viewsolution/16719850 this didn’t pass even the first subtask?

[meooow]

@abx_2109 I just fixed it
Probably should have added a comment.

[abx_2109]

Thanks @meooow . Also,Is there a problem with latex formatting, because in the preview it shows differently.

[meooow]

Yes it happens sometimes that the preview comes up as intended but the main article appears messy. Putting extra spaces helps sometimes and at other times usually it is caused by something like array[1] to be linked to the hyperlink labeled [1].

[abx_2109]

PS : Probably most of the contestants solved this problem using persistent segment trees which I hadn’t anticipated at all. To avoid getting solutions by segment trees accepted we decided to force online queries.But unfortunately most of the contestants did this problem by handling queries using persistence :p. I think there is probably no solution by the method mentioned in the editorial above.

[meooow]

Not sure if this is the reason, but I see you’re not clearing path before every query.

[taran_1407]

Well, It’s readable now @abx2109, Because @meooow fixed it.

By the way, can this problem be solved using Heavy Light Decomposition??

[mathecodician]

oh my god fml

[abx_2109]

Yes, one of the participant solved it using HLD.Check this out - https://www.codechef.com/viewsolution/16712166

[meooow]

Haha, I feel you
I made an equally retarded mistake on the 3rd problem

[mathecodician]

got AC on the first subtask atleast

[taran_1407]

Oh by god!!!

I too feel you. I did something similar on cf yesterday.

[taran_1407]

Too many solutions for single problem: Segment Tree, HLD, editorial one.

[vivek_1998299]

How do we solve it using hld?

[scaly_raptor]

Need help with my RE (here).

[scaly_raptor]

Somebody please help.